16 Best Email Finder Tools Comparison 2026 and Beyond

In a 400-billion-emails-a-day world, accurate contacts are your edge.

• Daily email volume is projected to rise from $361.6 billion in 2024 to $408.2 billion by 2027.
• Poor data quality costs organizations $12.9 million per year on average. 

That’s where email finder tools shine. These services sift through publicly available information on individuals, such as corporate websites and professional networks like LinkedIn, as well as social platforms and their own proprietary databases, to recommend possible business or personal email addresses. The best tools take it farther still: Recognizing common email patterns, checking legitimacy on a given address in real-time, providing means for bulk lookups or searches, and unearthing phone numbers, as well as social profiles, and connecting to CRM (or ATS). In 2025, SignalHire has plenty of company in a market that ranges from all‑in‑one platforms like itself to lightweight browser extensions like Clearbit Connect.

This ultimate guide compares 16 top email finder tools of the year 2025 and beyond. Every part walks you through the tool’s key features, data coverage, accuracy, pricing, and pros & cons.

Stay tuned!

How we selected and compared tools

This list of tools is based on SignalHire comparison and landing email‑finder research, as well as our analysis of the most used services for finding emails. Each software in the evaluation was assessed according to the following criteria:

• Data sources and coverage. The volume of the contact database, sources (public websites, social networks, and user‑contributed data), and an option to retrieve business and personal emails or phone numbers.

• Accuracy and verification. If the tool is for real‑time email validation or bounce-rate reduction. and provides confidence scores. For example, SignalHire provides email verification on searchable and touts over 95% accuracy.

• Features and ease of use. Chrome / Firefox extension, bulk search, name/position filters, domain lookup, phone‑number search, CRM integrations, and team collaboration capabilities.

• Pricing and free tier. How much is the cost per credit or subscription? Do they have a free plan? Many tools, including SignalHire, Hunter. io, and Clearbit Connect allow you to try the product by giving some free credits.

• Pros and cons. According to other independent reviews, strengths and weaknesses were highlighted: database size, user interface, hidden costs, and data quality.

16 Best Email Finder Tools

1. SignalHire

SignalHire is more than a simple email guesser; it is a full‑fledged B2B contact‑discovery platform used by over 3 million professionals. The service combines a massive database of 850 million profiles with sophisticated verification. SignalHire’s browser extension works across LinkedIn, Facebook, GitHub, and corporate websites to deliver verified emails and phone numbers with over 95% accuracy.

Key features

• Browser extension & dashboard: Once installed on Chrome or Firefox, the SignalHire extension allows one‑click extraction of emails and phone numbers from LinkedIn, Facebook, GitHub, and company websites. Results include job titles and social profiles.
• Real‑time verification: Every search goes through validation to ensure deliverability, leading to a 96 % hit rate. Credits are deducted only when a valid contact is found.
• Bulk email finder: Users can upload lists of up to 1,000 names, and SignalHire will return emails and phone numbers. Bulk results can be filtered by name, job title, location, and company size.
• Phone‑number lookup: SignalHire uniquely allows you to enter a phone number to uncover associated emails and social profiles. The feature leverages the same database used for email searches.
• Email Sequences: SignalHire’s Sequences feature automates outreach with multi-step campaigns. Users can create sequences inside the dashboard, add personalized emails with dynamic fields, set delays and stop-on-reply rules, and import prospects directly from Lead Lists or Job Projects. Campaigns can be scheduled for optimal times (e.g., Tuesday–Thursday mornings or afternoons), and analytics track sends, opens, replies, and bounces in real time. Best practices include 3–6 emails per sequence spaced 2–5 business days apart, with an automatic pause on reply for personal follow-up. Supported providers include Outlook/Office 365 and custom SMTP/IMAP.
• CRM and ATS integrations: The platform integrates with Salesforce, HubSpot, Recruit CRM, Zoho, and other tools, making it easy to sync newly found contacts.
• Free plan: New users receive 5 monthly credits on the web app or 10 credits with the browser extension. Paid plans start at $39/month and include features like bulk search, exporting to CSV, phone‑number discovery, and API access.
  

Pros

• High accuracy due to real‑time verification.
• Massive database (850 M+ profiles) and 96% hit rate.
• Chrome/Firefox extension for one‑click extraction from LinkedIn and GitHub.
• Bulk search and CSV export options for recruiting or sales campaigns.
• Free credits and transparent pricing; only successful lookups consume credits.
  

Cons

• The free tier is generous but limited; heavy users will need paid credits.
• Phone‑number lookup accuracy depends on data availability.
  

Pricing

More pricing details here.

Recommended for: recruiters, sales teams, and marketers who need reliable contact data with high accuracy and broad coverage. SignalHire’s combination of email, phone, and social discovery, plus robust verification, makes it the benchmark for email finder tools in 2025.

2. Adapt.io

Adapt.io provides an email finder tool for sales and marketing. The company offers a free plan that includes 25 email credits and 25 enrichment credits per month, along with a Chrome extension. More credits, phone numbers, and advanced features are available with paid plans.

Features and pricing

• Free plan: 25 email credits per month, 25 enrichment credits, and the Chrome extension.

• Starter ($49/mo): 500 email credits daily, 50 contacts per day, as well as CSV export and saved searches.

• Basic ($99/mo): 1,000 Email & 100 Phone credits, access to phone numbers and CRM export.

• Custom plan: Job‑change alerts, suppression lists, team management, API access, and advanced reporting are available for customization.

Pros

• Generous free tier with 25 contacts/day.
• Integrated phone‑number data from the Basic plan onward.
• CRM export and ABM list-building options for targeted campaigns.
  

Cons

• Bulk credits cost extra; heavy users may find pricing steep.
• Advanced features such as job‑change alerts require the custom plan.
  

Best for: small to mid‑size sales teams needing a built‑in enrichment tool and phone numbers within one package.

3. Clearbit Connect

Clearbit has long provided B2B enrichment APIs. Its Clearbit Connect extension brings that power directly into Gmail. According to Bardeen’s guide, Clearbit Connect is a free Chrome extension that integrates with Gmail and allows you to find verified email addresses and company information without leaving your inbox. Users receive 10 free credits per month; each email reveal costs one credit.

Features and Pricing

• Gmail integration: Click the Clearbit icon in Gmail, enter a company domain, and select the contact. The extension displays the person’s email and company details.
• Browser extension: Outside Gmail, click the icon while browsing company websites to see firmographics (size, revenue, technology) and view the “People” tab for employees.
• Free credits: 10 free reveals per month. Additional credits require a paid Clearbit plan, which includes tools like Clearbit Capture and Reveal.

Pros

• Completely free to start; no credit card required for basic use.
• Streamlined within Gmail; no need to leave your inbox to look up contacts.
• Provides company insights alongside email addresses.

Cons

• Limited credits; serious prospectors will outgrow the free tier quickly.
• Clearbit’s full suite can be expensive, and integration requires separate plans.
  

Best for: occasional users and small teams who need a simple Gmail add‑on to find a handful of verified emails each month.

4. ContactOut

ContactOut specialises in recruiting and sales prospecting. A Chrome extension and search portal provide access to work and personal emails, phone numbers, and social profiles across 30 million companies. The tool uses AI to verify data and offers bulk exports.

Pricing

• Free plan: Chrome extension with 100 contacts per month.
• Sales package ($79/mo billed annually): Up to 6,000 email lookups per year with CRM and ATS integration.
• Recruiter package ($199/mo billed annually): Includes 12,000 email lookups per year and 600 phone numbers per month.
• Team package: Custom pricing with higher volumes and deeper integrations.

Pros

• Affordability compared to some enterprise platforms. 
• AI‑powered verification. 
• CRM/ATS integration. 
• Bulk exporting.

Cons

• The free plan is very limited.
• Linking a LinkedIn account is required.
• Data availability is inconsistent in some cases.

Best for: independent recruiters and small sales teams looking for a cost‑effective tool with both personal and business emails and moderate search volumes.

5. Discoverly

Discoverly is a lightweight Chrome extension that scrapes social media profiles and shows cross‑platform links. It overlays LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter, and Gmail to reveal where contacts are active. The tool is ideal for digging deeper into someone’s social presence.

Features and Pricing

• Social presence discovery: See LinkedIn info while viewing Gmail emails, and vice versa; Discoverly reveals mutual friends and tweets across platforms.
• Profile enrichment: Save discovered profiles and export them for later use.
• Pricing: As of 2025, the basic product is completely free, though a premium version for saving contacts is not available yet.

Pros

• Loads quickly.
• Easy to use.
• Cross‑platform insights.

Cons

• Occasionally mismatched profiles and an outdated interface.

Best for: anyone who needs to see the social footprint of contacts when using Gmail or LinkedIn. Discoverly is not a full email finder but a useful supplement for understanding prospects.

6. FindThatLead

FindThatLead combines domain search, bulk search, email verification, and a Chrome extension. It lets users search by name and company to find professional emails and includes a message builder for personalized outreach. According to a review by Popupsmart, FindThatLead offers a free version and a free trial with pricing starting around $15/month, though there is no public API, and some data may be outdated.

Features and Pricing

• Domain & bulk search: Find emails by entering a company domain or uploading lists.
• Name search: Enter a person’s name and company to generate possible email addresses and associated social profiles.
• Email verifier: Validates email addresses to reduce bounce rates.
• Message builder: Compose personalized messages for cold outreach within the platform.
  

Pros

• Multiple search methods.
• Affordable entry‑level pricing
• Built‑in outreach tool.

Cons

• Lacks an API.
• Some accuracy issues.
• Limited data compared to larger providers.

Best for: small businesses and solopreneurs who need an inexpensive tool to find B2B emails and send personalized messages.

7. HireEZ (formerly Hiretual)

HireEZ (renamed from Hiretual) is an AI‑powered recruiting platform that sources candidates across over 800 million profiles. It focuses on talent acquisition rather than general sales prospecting. Pricing isn’t publicly disclosed; organizations must contact sales for a quote.

Features

• AI sourcing and talent pool: The platform combs through various networks and resume databases to recommend candidates based on job criteria.
• Automated outreach: Allows recruiters to send multi‑channel campaigns (email or text) to candidates.
• Analytics and insights: Provides dashboards for pipeline metrics and diversity ratios, helping teams refine searches.
• ATS integrations: Integrates with major applicant‑tracking systems for streamlined workflows.

Pros

• Saves recruiters time through AI candidate discovery.
• Robust analytics.
• Scalable for large teams.

Cons

• Pricing is undisclosed.
• There is a steep learning curve and occasional data‑quality issues.

Best for: enterprise recruiting teams needing an AI‑driven sourcing platform. Because of the focus on recruitment rather than general business emails, hireEZ may not be ideal for sales or marketing outreach.

8. Hunter.io

Hunter is one of the most popular email discovery services, and its Chrome extension has 4.7 stars from over 12,000 reviews. The tool includes Domain Search, Email Finder, Email Verifier, and Campaigns to send cold outreach. Hunter claims a high match rate and emphasises deliverability by sending from your own Gmail/Outlook account.

Pricing

• Free plan: 50 searches per month.
• Starter (€49/mo): 2,000 searches per month; includes auto‑verification, lead enrichment, and unlimited team members.
• Growth (€149/mo): 10,000 searches per month and priority support.
• Scale (€299/mo): 25,000 searches per month and additional features.
  

Pros

• Widely used with a strong Chrome extension adoption.
• Domain search reveals all publicly indexed emails for a domain.
• Built‑in cold email campaign management and sequence tracking.
  

Cons

• The free plan provides a few searches.
• Bulk search limits may require expensive upgrades.
  

Best for: marketers and recruiters who regularly need domain‑level email discovery and built‑in outreach capabilities.

9. Lusha

Lusha positions itself as an AI sales‑intelligence platform with global coverage. It offers contact and company search, buyer‑intent signals, AI recommendations, and compliance with GDPR, CCPA, and ISO standards. Its database reportedly includes over 165 million profiles.

Pricing

• Free plan: 5 credits per month.
• Pro plan ($49.90/mo per user): 40 credits and list management.
• Premium plan ($79.90/mo per user): 80 credits, bulk search, and priority support.
• Scale plan: Custom pricing (around $1,140–$2,500 per user per year) with unlimited credits under a fair‑usage policy.
  

Pros 

• Global coverage and compliance with major data‑privacy regulations. 
• AI‑driven lead recommendations and email assistant.

Cons

• Credit‑based model can be expensive.
• Advanced features are unlocked only in high‑tier plans
• Hidden costs and limited free credits.

Best for: enterprises requiring high‑quality data and compliance assurances; less suitable for budget‑conscious teams.

10. Nymeria

Nymeria is a talent intelligence tool aimed at recruiters and sales professionals. It provides personal and work emails, mobile numbers, biographic data, social links and company firmographics. The platform offers unlimited team members across all plans and counts only successful lookups.

Pricing

• Nano ($39/mo): 100 credits.
• Micro ($79/mo): 300 credits.
• Kilo ($159/mo): 1,000 credits.
• Enterprise: custom pricing.
  

All plans include email and phone data plus unlimited team members. Users receive 5 free credits monthly, and only successful lookups consume credits.

Pros

• Rich data (emails, phone numbers, social links, and firmographics).
• Unlimited seats at all levels. 
• Credits are charged only when a contact is found.

Cons

• Pricing can add up for high search volumes.
• Limited integration options compared with larger platforms.

Best for: recruiting and sales teams that require both personal and work contact details and value unlimited seats on each plan.

11. RocketReach

RocketReach provides verified emails, phone numbers, and social profiles for professionals worldwide. It boasts a database of over 700 million professionals and 60 million companies. The platform offers advanced search with over 100 filters, intent data, an AI recommendation engine, deliverability monitoring, and a Chrome extension.

Pricing

• Essential ($80/mo or $48/mo if billed annually): 80 lookups.
• Pro ($150/mo or $108/mo annually): 200 lookups.
• Unlimited ($300/mo or $249/mo annually): 500 lookups and full API access.
  

Pros

• Large database.
• Real‑time email verification.
• Chrome extension. 
• Campaign tracking and CRM integration.

Cons

• Expensive compared with some competitors.
• Occasional inaccurate data.
• Advanced features are only in premium plans.
• Limited free trial.

Best for: mid‑size to large sales teams needing enriched contact profiles and advanced filters for targeted outreach.

12. SeekOut

SeekOut is an AI recruiting platform that offers two products: SeekOut Spot (an agentic recruiting service sold per candidate slate) and SeekOut Recruit (self‑service software). SeekOut Recruit requires a 3‑seat minimum and annual commitment. The platform claims access to 800 million+ candidate profiles and provides over 30 advanced search filters, conversational AI search, and automated outreach campaigns.

Features and pricing

• Spot: Pay per candidate slate; no annual contract.
• Recruit: Annual subscription with a 3‑seat minimum; includes advanced filters, AI search, and automated outreach. Pricing is available via sales.
  

Pros 

• Large candidate database.
• Robust AI search and filters.
• Integrated outreach.

Cons

• Pricing is undisclosed and likely expensive.
• Aimed primarily at recruiting rather than general email finding.

Best for: large recruiting firms looking for AI‑powered candidate sourcing with built‑in outreach. Not ideal for general sales use.

13. Skrapp.io

Skrapp is a lead search and enrichment tool used by 2 million+ professionals. It offers an email finder, lead search, email verifier, and Chrome extension. According to the company, the email finder has a 92% success rate, performing more than 5 million searches per day, while the email verifier reaches over 97% accuracy.

Pricing

• Free plan: 50 credits per month.
• Professional (€49/mo or €37/mo annually): 1,000 credits for up to two users, plus unlimited lead and company searches.
• Enterprise (starting at €99/mo): 5,000 credits and up to five users. Higher tiers offer 20K, 50K, and 100K credits with API integrations, SSO, and roll‑over credits.
  

Pros

• High search success and verification accuracy.
• Chrome extension for LinkedIn, plus website email extractor.
• Rolling credits and flexible tiers for growing teams.
  

Cons

• Emails per credit can be expensive at higher tiers.
• Data is primarily B2B; personal emails are limited.
  

Best for: sales and marketing teams that need reliable B2B email addresses and flexible credit tiers.

14. Snov.io

Snov.io is a multi‑feature SaaS platform that combines email discovery and outreach. A review notes the tool provides an email finder, LinkedIn prospect finder, Chrome extension, email verifier, cold email campaigns, multichannel outreach, LinkedIn automation, email deliverability check, email warm‑up, and a built‑in CRM.

Pricing

• Free plan: 50 credits per month.
• Starter ($39/mo): 1,000 credits and drip campaigns.
• Pro ($99/mo): 5,000 credits and more automation.
• Custom plan: tailored for enterprise needs with high‑level support.
• Annual subscriptions reduce costs by about 20%.

Pros

• Extensive feature set (cold outreach, CRM, email warm‑up, LinkedIn automation).
• Generous free plan and affordable entry pricing.
• Good customer support, according to reviewers.
  

Cons

• The interface can be overwhelming due to the many tools.
• Data accuracy may vary; personal emails may not be available for all contacts.
  

Best for: startups and small businesses wanting an all‑in‑one outreach platform with flexible pricing.

15. Swordfish AI

Swordfish AI is a contact extraction platform used for lead generation and prospecting. It helps professionals discover personal and business emails, direct dials, and cell phone numbers by searching across social media profiles and other sources. A SalesForge directory notes that Swordfish offers real‑time data validation, a Chrome extension for LinkedIn, Facebook, GitHub, and other sites, bulk data enrichment, and API access.

Pricing

Pricing is not publicly available; users must contact the company. The review points out that Swordfish lacks transparency, and credits can be limited.

Pros 

• High accuracy.
• Easy‑to‑use interface.
• Responsive support.

Cons

• No pricing transparency and limited credits.

Best for: organizations willing to negotiate pricing and requiring both personal and professional contact data.

16. ZoomInfo ReachOut (Chrome extension)

ZoomInfo is a well‑known B2B database provider; its ReachOut extension brings the power of ZoomInfo’s database directly into the browser. According to a BookYourData review, ReachOut overlays verified contact and company data, including emails, phone numbers, job titles, and firmographics, on websites like LinkedIn. A free pack provides 10 credits, and no payment is required. A pay‑as‑you‑go option starts at $99 for 250 credits. However, full ZoomInfo plans are expensive: the Professional plan costs roughly $14,995 per year, the Advanced plan about $24,995, and the Elite plan about $39,995.

Pros

• High‑quality data with firmographic details.
• Integration with LinkedIn and CRM.
• Free trial credits.

Cons

• Overall cost is extremely high.
• Annual contracts.
• Credit consumption adds up quickly.

Best for: established enterprises with large sales teams and budgets; not suitable for startups or budget‑constrained users.

17. Other notable tools (not ranked)

Beyond the primary tools listed above, there are several additional email finders that may fit specific use cases. These tools are mentioned briefly for completeness:

• FindThat.email: This browser extension offers simple name and domain searches and email verification. Pricing starts around $49/month with a limited free tier. It’s similar to FindThatLead but smaller in scope.
• Dropcontact: A French data‑enrichment tool that specializes in Europe‑compliant contact discovery and integration with CRMs like Pipedrive.
• Voila Norbert: A popular email finder for small teams with pay‑as‑you‑go pricing and accurate validation.
• Apollo.io: Combines email discovery with a sales engagement platform, offering a free plan and advanced filters.

Because these tools are not listed on the SignalHire comparison page and there is limited verified data available at this time, they are not evaluated in detail here.

Summary table

The table below consolidates key information for the 16 primary email finder tools. Prices reflect typical monthly costs (USD) and may vary by billing cycle.

Tool	Database	Free Tier	Starting Price	Notable Features	Recommended for
SignalHire	850 M+ profiles; phone numbers and social links	5 credits (web) / 10 credits (extension)	$39/mo	Browser extension for LinkedIn & GitHub; bulk search; phone & social discovery; 95 % accuracy	Sales, recruiting & marketing teams needing reliable, verified contact data
Adapt.io	B2B contacts with email & phone; integration with CRMs	25 credits & 25 enrichment credits	$49/mo	Chrome extension; CSV export; phone numbers in Basic plan	SMB sales teams needing enrichment and phone data
Clearbit Connect	Verified business emails via Gmail	10 credits/month	Paid plans via Clearbit	Gmail‑native lookup; company insights	Occasional lookups from Gmail
ContactOut	30M companies; work & personal emails	100 contacts/month	$79/mo (sales package)	AI verification; bulk exporting; CRM & ATS integration	Recruiters & small sales teams
Discoverly	Social profile insights across Gmail, LinkedIn, Twitter, Facebook	Free	Free	Social presence discovery; contact export	Job hunters & relationship‑building
FindThatLead	Domain & name search; small B2B database	Free version	$15/mo+	Message builder; email verifier	Solopreneurs and small marketers
HireEZ	800 M+ candidate profiles	None (contact sales)	Custom	AI sourcing; candidate outreach	Enterprise recruiting teams
Hunter.io	6 M+ users; domain & email search	50 searches/mo	€49/mo (≈$53)	Email verification & cold campaigns	Marketers wanting domain search
Lusha	165 M+ profiles	5 credits	$49.90/mo per user	Buyer intent signals; AI recommendations	B2B sales teams with compliance focus
Nymeria	Personal & work emails, phones & social data	5 credits/mo	$39/mo	Unlimited team members; firmographics	Recruiters needing comprehensive profiles
RocketReach	700 M+ professionals & 60 M companies	Limited	$80/mo	Advanced filters; intent data; API	Mid‑size sales teams
SeekOut	800 M+ candidate profiles	None	Custom	AI recruitment platform; advanced filters	Enterprise recruiting only
Skrapp.io	200 M professionals & 20 M companies	50 credits	€49/mo (≈$53)	92% success; API; roll‑over credits	B2B sales teams
Snov.io	Email finder, verifier & CRM with	50 credits	$39/mo	Multichannel outreach; LinkedIn automation	Startups needing all‑in‑one toolkit
Swordfish AI	Personal & business emails, direct dials, cell numbers	None	Custom	Real‑time validation; API; bulk enrichment	Large teams with custom budgets
ZoomInfo	Corporate emails, phones & firmographics	10 credits	Pay‑as‑you‑go $99/250 credits; full plans >$14k/year	Chrome extension; intent signals	Enterprises with large budgets
Clearbit Connect	Business emails & firmographics	10 credits	Paid via Clearbit	Gmail‑native search; company insights	Casual users & small teams

Choosing the right email finder in 2025

Selecting the best email finder depends on your goals, budget, and workflow. Here are a few scenarios:

• Recruiting & HR: SignalHire, Nymeria, and hireEZ provide phone numbers and social profiles that help recruiters connect across multiple channels. SeekOut and hireEZ are best for large enterprises, while SignalHire suits teams of all sizes thanks to its free tier and high accuracy.
• Sales & marketing: SignalHire, RocketReach, Hunter.io, and Skrapp offer scalable plans and bulk searches ideal for lead generation. SignalHire’s phone‑number lookup and LinkedIn integration create richer profiles for targeted outreach.
• Startup growth: Tools with affordable entry plans and broad functionality—Snov.io, Adapt.io, and Hunter.io, are excellent for new businesses. SignalHire remains competitive here because of its generous free credits and low starting price.
• Occasional lookups: Clearbit Connect and Discoverly deliver free or inexpensive ways to find a handful of emails or see social profiles. They’re perfect for individuals or casual networkers who don’t need heavy prospecting.

Final verdict: Why SignalHire leads the pack

SignalHire’s combination of high accuracy, massive database, phone‑number and social discovery, bulk search, and browser extension makes it the top email finder tool for 2025. Unlike many competitors, SignalHire verifies every contact in real time and only deducts credits for successful matches. With an 850 million‑profile database and 96% hit rate, it outperforms tools that rely solely on email pattern guessing or outdated lists. A free plan with generous credits ensures that startups and recruiters alike can test its features with no commitment.

While other tools on this list excel in specific areas, Hunter.io for domain search, Lusha for buyer‑intent signals, hireEZ and SeekOut for enterprise recruiting, no single platform delivers the breadth of features, affordability, and accuracy offered by SignalHire. The future of outreach requires more than just a guess at someone’s email. It demands verified contact data with context, integrated seamlessly into your workflow. 

FAQs

Is there a totally free email lookup?

Several email finder tools offer limited free tiers, though truly unlimited free lookup is rare due to database maintenance costs. SignalHire provides 5 free contact credits monthly with 95%+ accuracy rates, while most free alternatives limit searches, provide less accurate results, or only work for generic company email patterns. For serious prospecting needs, paid tools consistently outperform free options in data accuracy, coverage depth, and features like bulk lookup.

Is it illegal to check someone’s emails?

Using email finder tools to locate publicly available professional email addresses is completely legal when data is sourced from public records and licensed databases. However, accessing someone’s email account without authorization is illegal under laws like the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. What tools like SignalHire do—aggregating publicly available contact information like a digital phone book—is lawful for business purposes, while unauthorized inbox access is criminal.